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<title>Semantic query</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Semantic query</span></span>

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<p><b>Semantic queries</b> allow for queries and analytics of associative and <a href="Contextualization_(computer_science)" title="Contextualization (computer science)">contextual</a> nature. Semantic queries enable the retrieval of both explicitly and implicitly derived information based on <a href="Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a>, <a href="Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a> and <a href="Structural_information_theory" title="Structural information theory">structural information</a> contained in data. They are designed to deliver precise results (possibly the distinctive selection of one single piece of information) or to answer more <a href="Fuzzy_logic" title="Fuzzy logic">fuzzy</a> and wide open questions through <a href="Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">pattern matching</a> and <a href="Reasoning_system" title="Reasoning system">digital reasoning</a>.

</p><p>Semantic queries work on <a href="Named_graphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Named graphs">named graphs</a>, <a href="Linked_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Linked Data">linked data</a> or <a href="Semantic_triple" title="Semantic triple">triples</a>. This enables the query to process the actual <a href="Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">relationships</a> between information and <i>infer</i> the answers from the <i>network of data</i>. This is in contrast to <a href="Semantic_search" title="Semantic search">semantic search</a>, which uses <a href="Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> (meaning of language constructs) in <a href="Unstructured_data" title="Unstructured data">unstructured text</a> to produce a better search result. (See <a href="Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a>.)

</p><p>From a technical point of view, semantic queries are precise relational-type operations much like a <a href="SQL" title="SQL">database query</a>. They work on structured data and therefore have the possibility to utilize comprehensive features like operators (e.g. >, < and =), namespaces, <a href="Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">pattern matching</a>, <a href="Type_inheritance" class="mw-redirect" title="Type inheritance">subclassing</a>, <a href="Transitive_relation" title="Transitive relation">transitive relations</a>, <a href="Semantic_Web_Rule_Language" title="Semantic Web Rule Language">semantic rules</a> and contextual <a href="Full-text_search" title="Full-text search">full text search</a>. The <a href="Semantic_web" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic web">semantic web</a> technology stack of the <a href="W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> is offering <a href="SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a><sup id="cite_ref-XML.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XML.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-W3C_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W3C-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to formulate semantic queries in a syntax similar to <a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>. Semantic queries are used in <a href="Triplestore" title="Triplestore">triplestores</a>, <a href="Graph_databases" class="mw-redirect" title="Graph databases">graph databases</a>, <a href="Semantic_wiki" title="Semantic wiki">semantic wikis</a>, natural language and <a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> systems.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<p><a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database">Relational databases</a> represent all relationships between data in an <i>implicit</i> manner only.<sup id="cite_ref-ACM-DL_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACM-DL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ESWC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESWC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the relationships between customers and products (stored in two content-tables and connected with an additional link-table) only come into existence in a query statement (<a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> in the case of relational databases) written by a developer. Writing the query demands exact knowledge of the <a href="Database_schema" title="Database schema">database schema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AAAI_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAI-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Linked_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Linked Data">Linked-Data</a> represent all relationships between data in an <i>explicit</i> manner. In the above example, no query code needs to be written. The correct product for each customer can be fetched automatically. Whereas this simple example is trivial, the real power of linked-data comes into play when a <i>network of information</i> is created (customers with their geo-spatial information like city, state and country; products with their categories within sub- and super-categories). Now the system can automatically answer more complex queries and analytics that look for the connection of a particular location with a product category. The development effort for this query is omitted. Executing a semantic query is conducted by <i>walking</i> the network of information and finding matches (also called <a href="Graph_traversal" title="Graph traversal">Data Graph Traversal</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-GraphQLang_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GraphQLang-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Another important aspect of semantic queries is that the type of the relationship can be used to incorporate intelligence into the system. The relationship between a customer and a product has a fundamentally different nature than the relationship between a neighbourhood and its city. The latter enables the semantic query engine to <i>infer</i> that a customer <i>living in Manhattan is also living in New York City</i> whereas other relationships might have more complicated patterns and "contextual analytics". This process is called inference or reasoning and is the ability of the software to derive new information based on given facts.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Articles">Articles</h2></div>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFFreitas2012" class="citation web cs1">Freitas, Andre (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deri.ie/sites/default/files/publications/freitas_ic_12.pdf">"Querying Heterogeneous Datasets on the Linked Data Web"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IEEE Internet Computing.</cite></li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFLorentz2013" class="citation web cs1">Lorentz, Alissa (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2013/04/with-big-data-context-is-a-big-issue/">"With Big Data, Context is a Big Issue"</a>. Wired.</cite></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a></li>

<li><a href="Dataspaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Dataspaces">Dataspaces</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_Representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge Representation">Knowledge Representation</a></li>

<li><a href="Linked_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Linked Data">Linked Data</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology_alignment" title="Ontology alignment">Ontology alignment</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic Integration">Semantic Integration</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_publishing" title="Semantic publishing">Semantic publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantics_of_Business_Vocabulary_and_Business_Rules" title="Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules">Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules</a></li>

<li><a href="SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-ACM-DL-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACM-DL_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1646157"><i>Semantic queries in databases: problems and challenges</i></a>. Cikm '09. ACM Digital Library. 2009. pp. <span class="nowrap">1505–</span>1508. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1645953.1646157">10.1145/1645953.1646157</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781605585123</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1578867">1578867</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-ESWC-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ESWC_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2012.eswc-conferences.org/sites/default/files/eswc2012_submission_357.pdf">"Karma: A System for Mapping Structured Sources into the Semantic Web"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. eswc-conferences.org. 2012.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCalvaneseDe_GiacomoLemboLenzerini2007" class="citation journal cs1">Calvanese, Diego; De Giacomo, Giuseppe; Lembo, Domenico; Lenzerini, Maurizio; Rosati, Riccardo (2007). "Tractable reasoning and efficient query answering in description logics: The DL-Lite family". <i>Journal of Automated Reasoning</i>. <b>39</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">385–</span>429. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10817-007-9078-x">10.1007/s10817-007-9078-x</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFFenselHendlerLiebermanWahlster2003" class="citation book cs1">Fensel, Dieter; Hendler, James; Lieberman, Henry; Wahlster, Wolfgang, eds. (2003). <i>Spinning the Semantic Web: Bringing the World Wide Web to Its Full Potential</i>. MIT Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780262062329</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFLópezSabouMotta2006" class="citation conference cs1">López, Vanessa; Sabou, Marta; Motta, Enrico (2006). <i>PowerAqua: Open Question Answering on the Semantic Web</i>. <i>Proceedings of the European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC)</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">424–</span>439. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F11762256_32">10.1007/11762256_32</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFShekarpourMarxAuer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Shekarpour, Saeedeh; Marx, Edgard; Auer, Sören (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-133742">"Question answering on interlinked data"</a>. <i>Journal of Web Semantics</i>. <b>41</b>: <span class="nowrap">100–</span>117. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.websem.2016.10.001">10.1016/j.websem.2016.10.001</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFZhangWangZhang2021" class="citation arxiv cs1">Zhang, Shuai; Wang, Ke; Zhang, Yue (2021). "Enriching query semantics for code search with reinforcement learning". <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.09630">2105.09630</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.SE">cs.SE</a>].</cite></li></ul>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFTiwariSingh2025" class="citation journal cs1">Tiwari, Vivek; Singh, Anjali (2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11935759">"Semantic approaches for query expansion: A comprehensive review"</a>. <i>PeerJ Computer Science</i>. <b>2025</b>: 2664. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj-cs.2664">10.7717/peerj-cs.2664</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11935759">11935759</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40134880">40134880</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHaaseMotik2005" class="citation conference cs1">Haase, Peter; Motik, Boris (2005). <i>A mapping system for query answering over ontologies</i>. <i>Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC)</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">446–</span>461. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F11574620_32">10.1007/11574620_32</a>.</cite></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/query">"W3C Semantic Web Standards - Query"</a>. W3C<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/">"SPARQL 1.1 Query Language"</a>. W3C. 21 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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